Sains Malaysiana 54(3)(2025): 943-958

http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2025-5403-24

Dosimetric Evaluation of 3D-Printed Polylactic Acid (PLA) Anthropomorphic Radiotherapy Head Phantom using Gafchromic EBT-XD Films, OSLD NanoDot and TLD-100

(Penilaian Dosimetrik Kepala Fantom Radioterapi Antropomorfik Asid Polilaktik Bercetak 3D (PLA) menggunakan Filem Gafchromic EBT-XD, OSLD NanoDot dan TLD-100)

NOOR NABILAH TALIK SISIN^1,7, NUR EMIRAH MOHD ZAIN², NOR ARINA ISAMAIL², REDUAN ABDULLAH³, MUHAMMAD AFIQ KHAIRIL ANUAR⁴, NUR HAMIZAH MOHD ZAINUDIN⁵, AHMAD BAZLIE ABDUL KADIR⁶, ASHRANI AIZZUDDIN ABD RAHNI⁸, WAN NORDIANA RAHMAN^1,7,*, AML ALMUTERY^1,9 & RAIZULNASUHA ABD RASHID¹⁰

¹Department of Applied Physics, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

²School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia

³Oncology, Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Department, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia

⁴Department of Health Professional, Faculty of Health Science, Management & Science University, 40100 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia

⁵Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Gong Badak Campus, 21300 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu Malaysia

⁶Department of Metrology, Nuclear Malaysia Agency, 43000 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

⁷Nuclear Technology Research Centre, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

⁸Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

⁹Physics Department, Faculty of Science and Humanities in Ad-Dawadmi, Shaqra University, Shaqra 11911, Saudi Arabia

¹⁰Centre for Diagnostic Nuclear Imaging, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

Diserahkan: 18 Ogos 2024/Diterima: 28 November 2024

Abstract

Recently, additive manufacturing or 3-dimensional (3D) printing has been utilized to create low-cost and customized radiotherapy phantoms for quality assurance and radiation dosimetry. In this study, the head phantom was fabricated by scanning a standard RANDO® head phantom using a Kinect® Xbox 360® and printed using polylactic acid (PLA) with 100% infill. The 3D-printed anthropomorphic head phantoms underwent CT simulation, treatment planning, and treatment delivery, similar to the patient setup in radiotherapy with a whole brain target. Irradiation of the phantoms were delivered with a single fraction of 400 cGy using 6 MV photon beam energy. The absorbed dose was measured with three dosimeters: GafChromic EBT-XD film, TLD-100, and OSLD NanoDot. Gamma analysis of EBT-XD films indicated a 30% dose difference for the irradiation’s pass rate of 3D printed head phantom and RANDO® phantom compare to TPS dose calculation. TLD's measurement of the 3D printed phantom resulted in 99% similarity to the TPS calculation and RANDO® phantom TLD’s results. Meanwhile, the percentage dose difference between OSLD reading of 3D printed phantom and TPS calculation was 8.1%. Therefore, this study demonstrates the feasibility of the 3D-printed head RP as an alternative phantom to RANDO® head RP. Further improvement in the phantom design details might enhance the dosimetry outcome and accuracy.

Keywords: Anthropomorphic; EBT; PLA; OSLD; TLD; 3D printing

Abstrak

Mutakhir ini, proses pembuatan bahan tambahan atau lebih dikenali sebagai percetakan 3D telah diaplikasikan dalam penghasilan fantom radioterapi berkos rendah untuk tujuan jaminan kualiti dan dosimetri radiasi. Dalam penyelidikan ini, fabrikasi model kepala fantom telah dilakukan berpandu kepada model kepala fantom RANDO® mengunakan Kinect® Xbox 360® dan dicetak menggunakan bahan polilaktik asid (PLA) dengan pengisian 100%. Model percetakan 3D antropomorfik kepala fantom yang dihasilkan akan melalui proses simulasi CT, perancangan rawatan, penghantaran rawatan yang serupa seperti mana rawatan kepada pesakit dengan sasaran tertumpu kepada keseluruhan otak. Penyinaran fantom telah dilakukan dengan pecahan tunggal 400 cGy menggunakan tenaga pancaran foton 6 MV. Dos terserap diukur dengan menggunakan tiga jenis dosimeter iaitu filem GafChromic EBT-XD, TLD-100 dan OSLD NanoDot. Analisis indeks Gamma menggunakan filem GafChromic EBT-XD menunjukkan 30% perbezaan dos bagi kadar radiasi yang dibenarkan untuk fantom percetakan 3D dan fantom RANDO® dengan pengiraan dos TPS. Manakala pengukuran TLD menunjukkan keputusan 99% kebersamaan dengan pengiraan TPS bagi perbandingan dengan fantom RANDO®. Sementara itu perbezaan dos antara bacaan OSLD bagi fantom percetakan 3D dan TPS adalah sebanyak 8.1%. Oleh itu, kajian ini telah menunjukkan kebolehlaksanaan fantom percetakan 3D sebagai alternatif kepada fantom radioterapi kepala RANDO®. Penambahbaikan reka bentuk secara lebih terperinci boleh meningkatkan hasil dan ketepatan dosimetri.

Kata kunci: Antropomofik; EBT; OSLD; percetakan 3D; PLA; TLD

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